Seeking knowledge of religion is an inherent obligation upon every Muslim, particularly the fundamental knowledge classified as fardhu ‘ain, an individual duty that must be fulfilled by every Muslim without exception. Understanding the religion one adheres to is part of one’s preparedness to answer any questions and be accountable for their beliefs before Allah. A Muslim is required to comprehend the fundamentals of faith, the proper way to worship, and the rules established by Allah as a form of devotion to Him. In Islam, faith is not merely an unfounded belief; it must be built upon authentic knowledge so that Muslims can live their life in accordance with religious teachings comprehensively and responsibly.
In this context, acquiring religious knowledge falls under fardhu ‘ain, meaning every individual, regardless of their background, is obligated to learn it. Fardhu ‘ain encompasses the essential sciences that all Muslims must know, such as aqidah (creed), ibadah (worship), and akhlaq (ethics in interactions). The Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) stated, “Seeking knowledge is an obligation upon every Muslim” (HR. Ibn Majah), emphasizing that learning religious knowledge is a fundamental duty for all Muslims. By understanding these essential sciences (fardhu ‘ain), Muslims can safeguard their faith, comply with divine commandments, avoid prohibited acts, and spread benefit and compassion to all creatures.
The significance of acquiring religious knowledge is also reflected in Islam’s emphasis on not merely relying on worldly knowledge but establishing a foundation with religious sciences. Religious knowledge serves not only as a provision for worldly life but also for the Hereafter. Allah SWT states: “They know what is apparent of the worldly life, but they, of the Hereafter, are unaware” (QS. Ar-Rum [30]: 7). This verse underscores that a Muslim must be conscious of the Hereafter, which can only be attained through studying Islamic teachings derived from the Quran and Sunnah.
The obligation to learn religious knowledge is not limited to a specific period, such as childhood or adolescence, but lasts a lifetime. The Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) taught that a Muslim should continuously seek an increase in knowledge, as reflected in his supplication: “My Lord, increase me in knowledge” (QS. Ta-Ha [20]: 114). This request highlights the invaluable nature of knowledge for a Muslim, emphasizing the necessity of continuous learning to deepen religious understanding throughout one’s life.
The Three Core Aspects of Fardhu ‘Ain Knowledge
The knowledge classified under fardhu ‘ain consists of aqidah (creed), ibadah (worship), and akhlaq (ethics/morals). These three aspects form the foundational structure of Islamic belief and practice, covering faith, the manner of worship, and ethical conduct in accordance with Islamic teachings. Through a correct understanding of aqidah, the proper execution of worship, and the emulation of the noble character of the Prophet Muhammad (PBUH), a Muslim can establish a strong faith, fulfil Allah’s commands, promote goodness, and embody the ideal of an enlightened individual (Insan al-Kamil).
Aqidah: Belief in the Articles of Faith
Aqidah (or tauhid, the oneness of Allah) is the core belief in Islam that every Muslim must understand and affirm. It is based on the Six Pillars of Faith: belief in Allah, His angels, His scriptures, His messengers, the Last Day, and divine destiny (both good and bad). Every Muslim is required to learn and seek knowledge about these beliefs, particularly from the Quran and Sunnah. Understanding and affirming correct aqidah is crucial because it serves as the foundation of a Muslim’s faith. Without proper aqidah, one’s Islam is incomplete. Through learning aqidah, a Muslim comprehends who their Creator is, the purpose of their existence, and what will lead them to salvation in the Hereafter.
Ibadah: The Fundamentals of Islamic Practice
In addition to aqidah, every Muslim is obliged to learn the knowledge related to worship, as encompassed in the Five Pillars of Islam: the declaration of faith (shahada), establishing prayer (salah), giving alms (zakat), fasting during Ramadan (sawm), performing pilgrimage (hajj) if capable. These five pillars represent fundamental acts of devotion to Allah. The term “Muslim” itself is derived from the root word salam, meaning one who is in peace or safety. Therefore, fulfilling these pillars correctly ensures a Muslim’s success in both worldly and afterlife affairs. Every Muslim must understand the correct procedures and conditions for performing these acts of worship based on the Quran and authentic hadiths. Worship conducted according to proper guidance not only signifies obedience to Allah but also cultivates patience, discipline, and submission to divine laws. Proper worship strengthens one’s connection with Allah and grants inner peace and spiritual well-being.
Akhlaq: Emulating the Character of the Prophet
Morality and noble character (akhlaq) are also classified as fardhu ‘ain, meaning that every Muslim is required to learn and practice good conduct. Islam places great emphasis on the importance of moral integrity as a reflection of one’s faith. The ethics taught in Islam are inspired by the example of the Prophet Muhammad (PBUH), who was renowned for his exceptional character in all aspects of life—whether as a leader, friend, father, or businessman. By studying the life and traditions of the Prophet (sirah nabawiyah), a Muslim can learn ethical principles such as honesty, patience, kindness, forgiveness, and compassion towards others. Emulating the Prophet’s character is the best way to integrate Islamic teachings into daily life. Practising sincere and noble character also serves as an effective means of spreading the message of Islam and strengthening relationships with others, both Muslims and non-Muslims alike.
By comprehensively understanding and applying the core sciences of Islam (fardhu ‘ain: aqidah, ibadah, and akhlaq), Muslims can effectively fulfil their role and responsibilities in the world. Acquiring religious knowledge is an act of obedience to Allah that brings benefits in both this life and the Hereafter. Seeking fardhu ‘ain knowledge is not a mere formality but a preparation for a Muslim to live with awareness, submission to Allah, and compassion toward humanity. These foundational religious sciences must be strengthened before pursuing other branches of knowledge, serving as the guiding perspective for a Muslim in viewing the world. A life guided by religious understanding remains within the path of divine blessings, leading to success in this world and eternal salvation in the Hereafter.