What is a smart city? It’s where urban networks – human and technological – are integrated in order to optimise convenience, efficiency and the quality of life for the people who live and work in it.

Such cities aim to be self-sustainable, with minimal impact on the environment, where new innovations enable an intelligent exchange of energy and resources, and where connectivity via ICT (Information and Communication Technology) and the IoT (Internet of Things) puts citizens in control, able to improve their day-to-day lives through their own decision-making.

Here are some of the most ambitious and successful of Europe’s smart cities, and the ways in which they are changing how we think about the urban environment.

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